Is Astrology a Science?
One of the earliest forms of science known to man is Astrology. Records of astrology have been found which originate in Babylon, these have been found to date from 1645 BC. Early Egyptians and early Greeks produced a timekeeping system and also used a calendar just like the ones we use today. When early man started to observe and understand the world around him, he also began to realize that there was a relationship between his life and the earth, stars and planets. It is possible that astrology may have helped some of the earliest civilizations to understand who they were and where they came from. They most certainly perceived astrology and the world around them as something which was greater than they themselves were, and something which should be studied and understood.
Astrology in modern times is not seen as being a very credible science. At one time astrology was one of the most credible sciences, just as astrophysics or chemistry are today. Early astronomers such as Galileo and Copernicus were known to be practicing astrologers. The astronomer Claudius Ptolemy of whom very little is known, was seen as a leading intellectual of his day, Ptolemy's study and approval of astrology made astrology a hugely respected subject within academic circles. By giving astrology credibility as a science and also as an art, he ensured its practice would not be hindered during the medieval period. It was at this time that many other studies and occult practices were persecuted on religious grounds. He was deemed to be an authority on astrology and established the Tetrabiblos, (this is Greek which means four books) this became the definitive reference for all astrological students. Arabic scholars used the Tetrabiblos quite extensively, and they regarded Ptolemy to be the absolute expert on the subject. Later European scholars began to use the Tetrabiblos and translated it back into Latin in the 12th century.
Modern sciences such as the quantitative sciences caused the influence of astrology to diminish, astrology did however have a resurgence during the 1930's when Princess Margaret was born. In the United Kingdom the Sunday Express newspaper printed Princess Margaret's astrological profile, this is how the daily horoscope in the newspapers we all know came about. Anyone who has read their astrological profile would have to admit that there are a number of coincidences. There are those skeptics who will often say that newspaper horoscopes are very general and could apply to just about anyone.
These skeptics will also say that people will only look for what they want to see, and they will ignore what is not true for them. Therefore, according to the skeptics, people delude themselves and believe that the horoscope is accurate. I believe that this skepticism could be eliminated if we were to sit the skeptic down with a competent astrologer and have his or her astrological profile made using the date, time and place of their birth.
The human race claims to be very knowledgeable about the universe, yet we find it very easy to dismiss astrology as being a credible science. Perhaps if we were to put more effort into the study of astrology as a science, we may learn much more about the early civilizations of our world. Shakespeare perhaps understood, when he wrote in Hamlet, *There are more things on heaven and earth Horatio than are dreamt of in your philosophy.*
Tuesday, October 12, 2010
Progress in Geology
Progress in Geology
Geology- is the study of the solid Earth and the processes by which it is shaped and changed. Geology provides primary evidence for plate tectonics, the history of life and evolution and past climates. In modern times, geology is commercially important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration, is publically important for predicting and understanding natural hazards plays an essential role in geotechnical engineering and is a major academic disipline.
Contributors
Jean Andre Deluc and Horace Benedict de Saussure
first to use the word geology from Greek word Geo meaning Earth and logos meaning speech.
Alfred Wegener
continental drift(is the movement of the Earth's continent relative to each other. It was not until the development of the theory of plate tectonics in the 1960s, that a sufficient geological explanation of that movement was found.)
Pangea Continent Map -
Continental Drift
Robert S. Dietz and Harry s. Hess
Seafloor spreading occurs at mid-ocean ridges where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics.
Seafloor spreading (This is how the Mariana's Trench was formed)
SK Runcorn
concept of paleomagnetism(is the study of the record of the Earth's magnetic field in rocks. Certain minerals in rocks can record direction and intensity of the field as it has changed over geologic time. This provides information on the geodynamo and the fluid dynamics of the outer core of the Earth. The record of these changes in rocks and sediments provides a time scale that is used in geochronology).
Pacific Northwest
Paleomagnetic Laboratory at WWU:
Gene Shoemaker
gave the study of the moon to the Lunar geologist.
Geology- is the study of the solid Earth and the processes by which it is shaped and changed. Geology provides primary evidence for plate tectonics, the history of life and evolution and past climates. In modern times, geology is commercially important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration, is publically important for predicting and understanding natural hazards plays an essential role in geotechnical engineering and is a major academic disipline.
Contributors
Jean Andre Deluc and Horace Benedict de Saussure
first to use the word geology from Greek word Geo meaning Earth and logos meaning speech.
Alfred Wegener
continental drift(is the movement of the Earth's continent relative to each other. It was not until the development of the theory of plate tectonics in the 1960s, that a sufficient geological explanation of that movement was found.)
Pangea Continent Map -
Continental Drift
Robert S. Dietz and Harry s. Hess
Seafloor spreading occurs at mid-ocean ridges where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics.
Seafloor spreading (This is how the Mariana's Trench was formed)
SK Runcorn
concept of paleomagnetism(is the study of the record of the Earth's magnetic field in rocks. Certain minerals in rocks can record direction and intensity of the field as it has changed over geologic time. This provides information on the geodynamo and the fluid dynamics of the outer core of the Earth. The record of these changes in rocks and sediments provides a time scale that is used in geochronology).
Pacific Northwest
Paleomagnetic Laboratory at WWU:
Gene Shoemaker
gave the study of the moon to the Lunar geologist.
Progress in Medicine
Progress in Medicine
Medicine-the science of diagnosing and treating or preventing disease and damage the body or mind.
Medical Advancement
* HPV Vaccine-The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine may prevent infection with certain species of human papillomavirus associated with the development of cervical cancer, genital warts and some less common cancers.
* Robot doing surgeries-increased the ability of cancer surgeons to get clean margins and good magnification of the sutures.
* Face transplant surgeries-People with faces disfigured by trauma, burns, disease, or birth defects might benefit from the procedure.
* MRI & rTMS-
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), is primarily a noninvasive medical imaging technique used in radiology to visualize detailed internal structure and limited function of the body. MRI provides much greater contrast between the different soft tissues of the body than computed tomography (CT) does, making it especially useful in neurological (brain), musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and oncological (cancer) imaging.
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), has been tested as a treatment tool for various neurological and psychiatric disorders including migraines,strokes, Parkinson's disease, dystonia, tinnitus, depression and auditory hallucinations.
* New drugs treating for cancer:
1. Herceptin
2. Gleevec
* Stem cell research -
Stem cells are cells found in all multi cellular organisms. They are characterized by the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types.
human embryonic stem cells
* IT among Dr's. and patients-made life safer for the patients and physicians have answers in a matter of seconds.
Human genome discoveries - genes can now be use in screening diseases.
Radioactive Isotopes- atoms in an unstable for
example of application
Breast cancer - brachytheraphy
Liver cancer - microsphere brachytheraphy
Alzheimer's disease by:
SPECT-Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT, or less commonly, SPET) is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays. It is very similar to conventional nuclear medicine planar imaging using a gamma camera. However, it is able to provide true 3D information. This information is typically presented as cross-sectional slices through the patient, but can be freely reformatted or manipulated as required.
a lung SPECT image.
PET(Positron Emission Tomography)is a nuclear medicine imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body. The system detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radionuclide(tracer), which is introduced into the body on a biologically active molecule. Images of tracer concentration in 3-dimensional or 4-dimensional space (the 4th dimension being time) within the body are then reconstructed by computer analysis. In modern scanners, this reconstruction is often accomplished with the aid of a CT X-ray scan performed on the patient during the same session, in the same machine.
Image of a typical positron emission tomography (PET) facility
HIV-Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus family) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),[1][2] a condition in humans in which theimmune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. The four major routes of transmission are unsafe sex, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth (perinatal transmission). Screening of blood products for HIV has largely eliminated transmission through blood transfusions or infected blood products in the developed world.
Medicine-the science of diagnosing and treating or preventing disease and damage the body or mind.
Medical Advancement
* HPV Vaccine-The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine may prevent infection with certain species of human papillomavirus associated with the development of cervical cancer, genital warts and some less common cancers.
* Robot doing surgeries-increased the ability of cancer surgeons to get clean margins and good magnification of the sutures.
* Face transplant surgeries-People with faces disfigured by trauma, burns, disease, or birth defects might benefit from the procedure.
* MRI & rTMS-
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), is primarily a noninvasive medical imaging technique used in radiology to visualize detailed internal structure and limited function of the body. MRI provides much greater contrast between the different soft tissues of the body than computed tomography (CT) does, making it especially useful in neurological (brain), musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and oncological (cancer) imaging.
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), has been tested as a treatment tool for various neurological and psychiatric disorders including migraines,strokes, Parkinson's disease, dystonia, tinnitus, depression and auditory hallucinations.
* New drugs treating for cancer:
1. Herceptin
2. Gleevec
* Stem cell research -
Stem cells are cells found in all multi cellular organisms. They are characterized by the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types.
human embryonic stem cells
* IT among Dr's. and patients-made life safer for the patients and physicians have answers in a matter of seconds.
Human genome discoveries - genes can now be use in screening diseases.
Radioactive Isotopes- atoms in an unstable for
example of application
Breast cancer - brachytheraphy
Liver cancer - microsphere brachytheraphy
Alzheimer's disease by:
SPECT-Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT, or less commonly, SPET) is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays. It is very similar to conventional nuclear medicine planar imaging using a gamma camera. However, it is able to provide true 3D information. This information is typically presented as cross-sectional slices through the patient, but can be freely reformatted or manipulated as required.
a lung SPECT image.
PET(Positron Emission Tomography)is a nuclear medicine imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body. The system detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radionuclide(tracer), which is introduced into the body on a biologically active molecule. Images of tracer concentration in 3-dimensional or 4-dimensional space (the 4th dimension being time) within the body are then reconstructed by computer analysis. In modern scanners, this reconstruction is often accomplished with the aid of a CT X-ray scan performed on the patient during the same session, in the same machine.
Image of a typical positron emission tomography (PET) facility
HIV-Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus family) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),[1][2] a condition in humans in which theimmune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. The four major routes of transmission are unsafe sex, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth (perinatal transmission). Screening of blood products for HIV has largely eliminated transmission through blood transfusions or infected blood products in the developed world.
Progress in chemistry
Progress in chemistry
Chemistry – is the science of the nature of the matter and its transformation. It is also the science of matter that deals with the composition structure and prosperities of substances and the transformations that they undergo.
Branches
Organic chemistry – scientific study of the structures, properties, compositions, reactions and preparations of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
Inorganic chemistry – concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds.
Biochemistry – study of chemical processes in living organisms.
Electrochemistry – study of chemical reactions which takes place in a conductor with involves electron transfer.
Geochemistry – study of chemical changes on the Earth.
Analytical chemistry – is the study of preparation, identification and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials.
* Qualitative
* Quantitative
Discoveries
Fire – a mystical force that could transform one substance into another while producing heat and fire. A chemical reaction which is first use in chemical manner.
Metallurgy – methods of purification of metals.
Gold – known in early Egypt as early as 2600 B.C. it becomes a precious metal.
Alloy – heralded the Bronze Age. Become a better armor and weapons.
Alchemy - change base metals into gold, investigating the preparation of the "elixir of longevity", and achieving ultimate wisdom, involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of several substances described as possessing unusual properties.
Atomism
Atom is the most indivisible part of matter.
Periodic table
- is a tabular display of the chemical elements. Its invention is generally credited to Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. The periodic table is now ubiquitous within the academic discipline of chemistry providing a useful framework to classify, systematize, and compare all of the many different forms of chemical behavior. The table has found many applications in chemistry,physics, biology and engineering, especially chemical engineering. The current standard table contains 118 elements to date. (elements 1 - 118)
Scientific Method
refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.
Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr – atomic structure
Marie and Pierre Curie – radioactivity
James Watson and Francis Crick – DNA model
Rosalind Franklin – x ray diffraction
George de Hevesy – first to use radioactive atoms
Chemical Industry
1. extracting metals from ores
2. making pottery and glazes
3. fermenting beer and wine
4. making pigments for cosmetics and painting
5. extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume
6. making cheese
7. dying cloth
8. tanning leather
9. rendering fat into soap
10. making glass
Chemistry – is the science of the nature of the matter and its transformation. It is also the science of matter that deals with the composition structure and prosperities of substances and the transformations that they undergo.
Branches
Organic chemistry – scientific study of the structures, properties, compositions, reactions and preparations of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
Inorganic chemistry – concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds.
Biochemistry – study of chemical processes in living organisms.
Electrochemistry – study of chemical reactions which takes place in a conductor with involves electron transfer.
Geochemistry – study of chemical changes on the Earth.
Analytical chemistry – is the study of preparation, identification and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials.
* Qualitative
* Quantitative
Discoveries
Fire – a mystical force that could transform one substance into another while producing heat and fire. A chemical reaction which is first use in chemical manner.
Metallurgy – methods of purification of metals.
Gold – known in early Egypt as early as 2600 B.C. it becomes a precious metal.
Alloy – heralded the Bronze Age. Become a better armor and weapons.
Alchemy - change base metals into gold, investigating the preparation of the "elixir of longevity", and achieving ultimate wisdom, involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of several substances described as possessing unusual properties.
Atomism
Atom is the most indivisible part of matter.
Periodic table
- is a tabular display of the chemical elements. Its invention is generally credited to Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. The periodic table is now ubiquitous within the academic discipline of chemistry providing a useful framework to classify, systematize, and compare all of the many different forms of chemical behavior. The table has found many applications in chemistry,physics, biology and engineering, especially chemical engineering. The current standard table contains 118 elements to date. (elements 1 - 118)
Scientific Method
refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.
Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr – atomic structure
Marie and Pierre Curie – radioactivity
James Watson and Francis Crick – DNA model
Rosalind Franklin – x ray diffraction
George de Hevesy – first to use radioactive atoms
Chemical Industry
1. extracting metals from ores
2. making pottery and glazes
3. fermenting beer and wine
4. making pigments for cosmetics and painting
5. extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume
6. making cheese
7. dying cloth
8. tanning leather
9. rendering fat into soap
10. making glass
Science in the 20th Century
Science in the 20th Century
20TH CENTURY Technology developed rapidly. Communication technology, transformation technology, broad teaching and implementation of scientific method and increased research spending all contributed to the advancement of modern science and technology.
MOST CONTRIBUTORS:
* Pierre Duhem
1. Hydrodynamics- is the study of liquid in motion specially it looks at the ways dfferent effect the movement of liquid
2. Thermodynamics- physics with the relationships and conversion between heat and other forms of energy
* Rudolf Carnap
1. Logic
2. Analysis
3. Theory of Probability
* Karl Popper
1. Falsifiability- is the logical possibility than an assertion could be show false for the particular observation or physical experiment
2. Scientific Method
* Thomas Kuhn
1. Paradigm shifts or " Revolutionary Science"
* Werner Heisenberg
1. Quantum Mechanics
20th Century Time-line
1900
1. Zeppelins - Thomas Suillivan
2. Neon Light - George Claude
3. E=mc2 - Albert Einstein
1910
1. Crossword Puzzle - Wyne
2. Pop- up Toaster- Strite
3. Gas mask- Morgan
1920
1. Robot- Artificial life
2. Penicillin -Flemming
1930
1. Photography- Edgerton
2. Frozen Foo- Bird Eye
3. Electron Microscope- Max Knott
1940
1. Jeep- Karl Pabst
2. Microwave- Spencer
1950
1. Video Tape Recorder- Charles Ginsburge
2. T.V. - John Logie Bard
1960
Audio Cassette
1. Space War - Video Game
1970
1. Floppy Disk
2. Shugart
3. Microprocessor - Faggin
1980
1. Mobile Phone
Dr. Martin Looper
1. Computer- Charles Babage
2. Dispossable Camera- Fuji
1990
1. World Wide Web (www)- Tim Lee
2. Computer Language- Java
20TH CENTURY Technology developed rapidly. Communication technology, transformation technology, broad teaching and implementation of scientific method and increased research spending all contributed to the advancement of modern science and technology.
MOST CONTRIBUTORS:
* Pierre Duhem
1. Hydrodynamics- is the study of liquid in motion specially it looks at the ways dfferent effect the movement of liquid
2. Thermodynamics- physics with the relationships and conversion between heat and other forms of energy
* Rudolf Carnap
1. Logic
2. Analysis
3. Theory of Probability
* Karl Popper
1. Falsifiability- is the logical possibility than an assertion could be show false for the particular observation or physical experiment
2. Scientific Method
* Thomas Kuhn
1. Paradigm shifts or " Revolutionary Science"
* Werner Heisenberg
1. Quantum Mechanics
20th Century Time-line
1900
1. Zeppelins - Thomas Suillivan
2. Neon Light - George Claude
3. E=mc2 - Albert Einstein
1910
1. Crossword Puzzle - Wyne
2. Pop- up Toaster- Strite
3. Gas mask- Morgan
1920
1. Robot- Artificial life
2. Penicillin -Flemming
1930
1. Photography- Edgerton
2. Frozen Foo- Bird Eye
3. Electron Microscope- Max Knott
1940
1. Jeep- Karl Pabst
2. Microwave- Spencer
1950
1. Video Tape Recorder- Charles Ginsburge
2. T.V. - John Logie Bard
1960
Audio Cassette
1. Space War - Video Game
1970
1. Floppy Disk
2. Shugart
3. Microprocessor - Faggin
1980
1. Mobile Phone
Dr. Martin Looper
1. Computer- Charles Babage
2. Dispossable Camera- Fuji
1990
1. World Wide Web (www)- Tim Lee
2. Computer Language- Java
Differences in Styles of Research
Differences in Styles of Research
There were still stiking differences among leading nations regarding the circumstances and styles of research
* In Britain there was a marked absence of institutions providing jobs for researchers
* In Germany, the Natural Sciences shared in the rise in size and prestige of the University System
* 1856 William Henry Perkin- Synthetic dyestuffs
Progress in PHYSICS
* Hans Christian Oersted- electic current produces a magnetic field
* Michael Faraday- reverse effectJoseph Henry- built the 1st powerful electromagnets and invented the electric motor
* James Prescott Joule- 1st law of thermodynamics
* Wilhelm Roentgen- x-ray
* Marie Curie- gave the name radioactive, she and her husband Pierre Curi went on to discover polonium and radium
Progress in CHEMISTRY
* Friedrich Wohler- prepared urea in a test tube from inorganic starting materials
* Baron Justus Von Liebig- chemical fertilizers
* Dmitri Mendeleev- systematic and periodic arrangement
* Progress in ASTRONOMY
* Sir William Herchel- uranus did notb t precisely mve in its expected orbit
* Urban J.J. Everrier- neptune
Progress in BIOLOGY
* Karl Ernst Von Baer- embryology
* Charles Darwin- Origin of Speies
* Gregor Mendel- Pattern of inheritance of characteristic from one generation of sweet peas to other.
Progress in MEDICINE
* William Morton- anesthetics
* Louis Pasteur- methods of immunizing people
* Joseph Lister- antiseptic surgery
*
Walter Reed- yellow fever is caused by a virus carried by a mosquito.
There were still stiking differences among leading nations regarding the circumstances and styles of research
* In Britain there was a marked absence of institutions providing jobs for researchers
* In Germany, the Natural Sciences shared in the rise in size and prestige of the University System
* 1856 William Henry Perkin- Synthetic dyestuffs
Progress in PHYSICS
* Hans Christian Oersted- electic current produces a magnetic field
* Michael Faraday- reverse effectJoseph Henry- built the 1st powerful electromagnets and invented the electric motor
* James Prescott Joule- 1st law of thermodynamics
* Wilhelm Roentgen- x-ray
* Marie Curie- gave the name radioactive, she and her husband Pierre Curi went on to discover polonium and radium
Progress in CHEMISTRY
* Friedrich Wohler- prepared urea in a test tube from inorganic starting materials
* Baron Justus Von Liebig- chemical fertilizers
* Dmitri Mendeleev- systematic and periodic arrangement
* Progress in ASTRONOMY
* Sir William Herchel- uranus did notb t precisely mve in its expected orbit
* Urban J.J. Everrier- neptune
Progress in BIOLOGY
* Karl Ernst Von Baer- embryology
* Charles Darwin- Origin of Speies
* Gregor Mendel- Pattern of inheritance of characteristic from one generation of sweet peas to other.
Progress in MEDICINE
* William Morton- anesthetics
* Louis Pasteur- methods of immunizing people
* Joseph Lister- antiseptic surgery
*
Walter Reed- yellow fever is caused by a virus carried by a mosquito.
Science in the latin west during the medieval age
Science in the latin west during the medieval age
* Barbarian invasion- migration of citizens of roman empire to its neigboring tribes.
*
* Latin west- western europe united by the language and european culture.
*
* Migration or barbarian invasion
*
* De urbanization- negative effect of the fall of roman empire
*
* Study of native was pursued more for practical reason than an abstract inquiry.
Educational reform (Charles the great)
* 7 liberal arts
-trivium (literary education) ( rhetoric, grammar, dialectic)
-quadrivium (scientific education) (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy)
* Birth of medieval universities
*
* Rediscovery of the works of Aristotle
*
* Latin translation of the main works of Aristotle
*
* Latin translation of the main works of ancient philosophers and thinkers
*
* Grosseteeste (Oxford Franciscan school)
*
* Aristotle's dual path of reasoning (resolution and composition) from particular observation to universal law vv.)
Scientist
* Bacon observation, hypothesis, experimentation and verification
*
* William of occam (principle of parsimony)
*
* Jean Buridan (brilliant art master of ma) "theory of impetus"
*
* Thomas Bradwardine- distinguished dynamics to kinematics, instantaneous velocity, mean speed theorem
*
* Nicole Oresme- polished the heliocentric theory; optics
*
* Black death (mid 14th century)
*
* Catholic church disintegration (papacy)
* Barbarian invasion- migration of citizens of roman empire to its neigboring tribes.
*
* Latin west- western europe united by the language and european culture.
*
* Migration or barbarian invasion
*
* De urbanization- negative effect of the fall of roman empire
*
* Study of native was pursued more for practical reason than an abstract inquiry.
Educational reform (Charles the great)
* 7 liberal arts
-trivium (literary education) ( rhetoric, grammar, dialectic)
-quadrivium (scientific education) (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy)
* Birth of medieval universities
*
* Rediscovery of the works of Aristotle
*
* Latin translation of the main works of Aristotle
*
* Latin translation of the main works of ancient philosophers and thinkers
*
* Grosseteeste (Oxford Franciscan school)
*
* Aristotle's dual path of reasoning (resolution and composition) from particular observation to universal law vv.)
Scientist
* Bacon observation, hypothesis, experimentation and verification
*
* William of occam (principle of parsimony)
*
* Jean Buridan (brilliant art master of ma) "theory of impetus"
*
* Thomas Bradwardine- distinguished dynamics to kinematics, instantaneous velocity, mean speed theorem
*
* Nicole Oresme- polished the heliocentric theory; optics
*
* Black death (mid 14th century)
*
* Catholic church disintegration (papacy)
* Barbarian invasion- migration of citizens of roman empire to its neigboring tribes.
*
* Latin west- western europe united by the language and european culture.
*
* Migration or barbarian invasion
*
* De urbanization- negative effect of the fall of roman empire
*
* Study of native was pursued more for practical reason than an abstract inquiry.
Educational reform (Charles the great)
* 7 liberal arts
-trivium (literary education) ( rhetoric, grammar, dialectic)
-quadrivium (scientific education) (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy)
* Birth of medieval universities
*
* Rediscovery of the works of Aristotle
*
* Latin translation of the main works of Aristotle
*
* Latin translation of the main works of ancient philosophers and thinkers
*
* Grosseteeste (Oxford Franciscan school)
*
* Aristotle's dual path of reasoning (resolution and composition) from particular observation to universal law vv.)
Scientist
* Bacon observation, hypothesis, experimentation and verification
*
* William of occam (principle of parsimony)
*
* Jean Buridan (brilliant art master of ma) "theory of impetus"
*
* Thomas Bradwardine- distinguished dynamics to kinematics, instantaneous velocity, mean speed theorem
*
* Nicole Oresme- polished the heliocentric theory; optics
*
* Black death (mid 14th century)
*
* Catholic church disintegration (papacy)
* Barbarian invasion- migration of citizens of roman empire to its neigboring tribes.
*
* Latin west- western europe united by the language and european culture.
*
* Migration or barbarian invasion
*
* De urbanization- negative effect of the fall of roman empire
*
* Study of native was pursued more for practical reason than an abstract inquiry.
Educational reform (Charles the great)
* 7 liberal arts
-trivium (literary education) ( rhetoric, grammar, dialectic)
-quadrivium (scientific education) (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy)
* Birth of medieval universities
*
* Rediscovery of the works of Aristotle
*
* Latin translation of the main works of Aristotle
*
* Latin translation of the main works of ancient philosophers and thinkers
*
* Grosseteeste (Oxford Franciscan school)
*
* Aristotle's dual path of reasoning (resolution and composition) from particular observation to universal law vv.)
Scientist
* Bacon observation, hypothesis, experimentation and verification
*
* William of occam (principle of parsimony)
*
* Jean Buridan (brilliant art master of ma) "theory of impetus"
*
* Thomas Bradwardine- distinguished dynamics to kinematics, instantaneous velocity, mean speed theorem
*
* Nicole Oresme- polished the heliocentric theory; optics
*
* Black death (mid 14th century)
*
* Catholic church disintegration (papacy)
SCIENCE IN GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATION
SCIENCE IN GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATION
A. Greek Civilization
* emerged around 1100 B.C. Early Greeks have fully developed basic elements of mathematics, astronomy, physics, geography and medicine.
B. Person who give contribution on the development of science
* Thales - matter was composed of /or convertible into water.
* Hippocrates - father of medicine.
* Aristotle - classification of plants and animals.
* Archimedes - principle of lever and pulley
* Ptolemy - geocentric theory
C. Roman Civilization
* Time of Julius Caesar (102-44 B.C. ) - it is said that Romans are poor in science. But contributed a lot in the field of infrastructure.
D. Romans that give contributions in the field of science.
* Pliny the elder - only roman scientist that is celebrated.
* Galen - Wrote 150 of books on medicine.
* Cleopatra - Roman Queen who used cosmetics.
A. Greek Civilization
* emerged around 1100 B.C. Early Greeks have fully developed basic elements of mathematics, astronomy, physics, geography and medicine.
B. Person who give contribution on the development of science
* Thales - matter was composed of /or convertible into water.
* Hippocrates - father of medicine.
* Aristotle - classification of plants and animals.
* Archimedes - principle of lever and pulley
* Ptolemy - geocentric theory
C. Roman Civilization
* Time of Julius Caesar (102-44 B.C. ) - it is said that Romans are poor in science. But contributed a lot in the field of infrastructure.
D. Romans that give contributions in the field of science.
* Pliny the elder - only roman scientist that is celebrated.
* Galen - Wrote 150 of books on medicine.
* Cleopatra - Roman Queen who used cosmetics.
definition
A Definition may be a statement of the essential properties of a certain thing, or a statement of equivalence between one expression and another, usually more complex expression that gives meaning of the first.
A thing being is called (from Latin) a DEFINIENDUM the expression which defines it is called a DEFINIENS.
Lexical Definition
* a "dictionary Definition" reports the meaning of the word as it normally used.
Intensional Definition
* of the general term, on the other hand,is the sets of features which are shared by everything to which it applies.
Extensional Definition
* of a general term is just the collection of individual thing to which it correctly applied.
Contextual Definition
* some words cannot be clearly define on their own, but it is possible to offer schema for defining every sentence which they occur.
Stipulative Definition
* is the specification of meaning adopted or assumed specifically for the purposes for argument or discussion in a given context.
Ostensive Definition
* gives the meaning of a term by pointing out he thing denoted by, it, or pointing out of examples of the kind of thing meant by it.
Precising Definition
* is the definition that extends the dictionary definition of a term for specific purpose by including additional criteria that narrow down the set of thing meant by it.
Operational Definition
* of quantity is a specific process whereby it is measured.
A thing being is called (from Latin) a DEFINIENDUM the expression which defines it is called a DEFINIENS.
Lexical Definition
* a "dictionary Definition" reports the meaning of the word as it normally used.
Intensional Definition
* of the general term, on the other hand,is the sets of features which are shared by everything to which it applies.
Extensional Definition
* of a general term is just the collection of individual thing to which it correctly applied.
Contextual Definition
* some words cannot be clearly define on their own, but it is possible to offer schema for defining every sentence which they occur.
Stipulative Definition
* is the specification of meaning adopted or assumed specifically for the purposes for argument or discussion in a given context.
Ostensive Definition
* gives the meaning of a term by pointing out he thing denoted by, it, or pointing out of examples of the kind of thing meant by it.
Precising Definition
* is the definition that extends the dictionary definition of a term for specific purpose by including additional criteria that narrow down the set of thing meant by it.
Operational Definition
* of quantity is a specific process whereby it is measured.
perception
PERCEPTION
- Is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information.
- Means receiving, collecting actions of taking possession with the mind or senses.
"WHAT ONE PERCEIVES IS A RESULT OF INTERPLAYS BETWEEN PAST EXPERIENCES, INCLUDING ONE'S CULTURE AND THE INTERPRETATION OF THE PERCEIVED"
FOUR KEYWORDS
Perception - Experience - Knowledge - Science
EDMUND HUSSERL
- Bracketing : This means forgetting for the time being all that one has learned in order to take an unprejudiced look at what is represented.
- Is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information.
- Means receiving, collecting actions of taking possession with the mind or senses.
"WHAT ONE PERCEIVES IS A RESULT OF INTERPLAYS BETWEEN PAST EXPERIENCES, INCLUDING ONE'S CULTURE AND THE INTERPRETATION OF THE PERCEIVED"
FOUR KEYWORDS
Perception - Experience - Knowledge - Science
EDMUND HUSSERL
- Bracketing : This means forgetting for the time being all that one has learned in order to take an unprejudiced look at what is represented.
Language
LANGUAGE
Is an abstract system of word meaning and all aspect of culture. It includes speech, written character, numerals, symbol, gestures and expression of non-verbal communication.
Object
- the thing which the sign stands for.
Sign
- it represents what the object is.
Interpreter
- the person who does the sign in which the sign stands for.
TERMS
In percepts "sense meaning". According to C.I. Lewis: terms in simple way is study of its use and effect of the circumstances in which people employ it or react more or less consistently.
All terms have perceptual meaning. But there are some terms do not have meaning that fall into two classes:
* grammatical term
* abstract term
All language begin on ordinary language under the process of immediate necessity of communication but not in all cases like.
* customary usage as how it is spread
* grammatical term
* declision case spread fall down
ORDINARY LANGUAGE ANALYSIS
Is the argument that any language which is adequate stands as the transmitter of nuances or differences and shades of meaning on which everyday conversation must be fluid.
Is an abstract system of word meaning and all aspect of culture. It includes speech, written character, numerals, symbol, gestures and expression of non-verbal communication.
Object
- the thing which the sign stands for.
Sign
- it represents what the object is.
Interpreter
- the person who does the sign in which the sign stands for.
TERMS
In percepts "sense meaning". According to C.I. Lewis: terms in simple way is study of its use and effect of the circumstances in which people employ it or react more or less consistently.
All terms have perceptual meaning. But there are some terms do not have meaning that fall into two classes:
* grammatical term
* abstract term
All language begin on ordinary language under the process of immediate necessity of communication but not in all cases like.
* customary usage as how it is spread
* grammatical term
* declision case spread fall down
ORDINARY LANGUAGE ANALYSIS
Is the argument that any language which is adequate stands as the transmitter of nuances or differences and shades of meaning on which everyday conversation must be fluid.
assignment:3
the science in the Renaissance boom , because lots of inventions are produce & lots of break through in different fields are made. the scientist being inspired again.
Sunday, October 10, 2010
how did milky way gets its name?
On a clear night, out in the country away from the city lights, you will see a bright, but diffuse, band through the sky. It will make a complete arc overhead (actually it appears as a great circle on the sky with the earth as the center).
Next time you are out in the country, look at this band of light and think about how it looks. This was named by the Greeks as: "Galaxies Kuklos" or The Milky Circle. The Romans changed the name to "Via Lactea" or The Milky Road or as we now call it "The Milky Way."
However, it was not until the the middle of the 18th century that people first came up with the idea that The Milky Way was actually a galaxy of stars. And it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that scientists understood that The Milky Way is just one of many such galaxies in the universe.
Next time you are out in the country, look at this band of light and think about how it looks. This was named by the Greeks as: "Galaxies Kuklos" or The Milky Circle. The Romans changed the name to "Via Lactea" or The Milky Road or as we now call it "The Milky Way."
However, it was not until the the middle of the 18th century that people first came up with the idea that The Milky Way was actually a galaxy of stars. And it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that scientists understood that The Milky Way is just one of many such galaxies in the universe.
pascals triangle
In mathematics, Pascal's triangle is a triangular array of the binomial coefficients in a triangle. It is named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal in much of the Western world, although other mathematicians studied it centuries before him in Greece, India, Persia, China, and Italy.[1]
The rows of Pascal's triangle are conventionally enumerated starting with row n = 0 at the top. The entries in each row are numbered from the left beginning with k = 0 and are usually staggered relative to the numbers in the adjacent rows. A simple construction of the triangle proceeds in the following manner. On row 0, write only the number 1. Then, to construct the elements of following rows, add the number directly above and to the left with the number directly above and to the right to find the new value. If either the number to the right or left is not present, substitute a zero in its place. For example, the first number in the first row is 0 + 1 = 1, whereas the numbers 1 and 3 in the third row are added to produce the number 4 in the fourth row.
The rows of Pascal's triangle are conventionally enumerated starting with row n = 0 at the top. The entries in each row are numbered from the left beginning with k = 0 and are usually staggered relative to the numbers in the adjacent rows. A simple construction of the triangle proceeds in the following manner. On row 0, write only the number 1. Then, to construct the elements of following rows, add the number directly above and to the left with the number directly above and to the right to find the new value. If either the number to the right or left is not present, substitute a zero in its place. For example, the first number in the first row is 0 + 1 = 1, whereas the numbers 1 and 3 in the third row are added to produce the number 4 in the fourth row.
ASSIGNMENT1
we should study science for us to understand the past of every invention we,re using right now and to appreciate its inventor.
assignment ; QUASARS
A quasi-stellar radio source ("quasar") is a very energetic and distant galaxy with an active galactic nucleus. They are the most luminous objects in the universe. Quasars were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic energy, including radio waves and visible light, that were point-like, similar to stars, rather than extended sources similar to galaxies.
While there was initially some controversy over the nature of these objects—as recently as the early 1980s, there was no clear consensus as to their nature—there is now a scientific consensus that a quasar is a compact region in the center of a massive galaxy surrounding its central supermassive black hole. Its size is 10–10,000 times the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole. The quasar is powered by an accretion disc around the black hole.
While there was initially some controversy over the nature of these objects—as recently as the early 1980s, there was no clear consensus as to their nature—there is now a scientific consensus that a quasar is a compact region in the center of a massive galaxy surrounding its central supermassive black hole. Its size is 10–10,000 times the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole. The quasar is powered by an accretion disc around the black hole.
Monday, October 4, 2010
classfication
Classification
distinction ,identification and organization of two or more items,information and facts according to thier similarities whichch are determine through comparison.
Platos theories of universal
1.universalia in -universal in the things
2.universalia ante rem -universal before the things
3.universalia post rem-universal after the things
Four different types of similarity
1.genetic similarity
2.structural similarity
3.functional similarity
4.aparrent similarity
distinction ,identification and organization of two or more items,information and facts according to thier similarities whichch are determine through comparison.
Platos theories of universal
1.universalia in -universal in the things
2.universalia ante rem -universal before the things
3.universalia post rem-universal after the things
Four different types of similarity
1.genetic similarity
2.structural similarity
3.functional similarity
4.aparrent similarity
astronomy
Astronomy
study of celestial bodies or objects such as ;star,planet,comets,and galaxies and its phenomena.
greek world''astron-star,''nomos-law''
During the 20th century,astronomy split into 2 major categories;physics and technology.
a.observational astronomy
focused in acquiring data from observation which analized by the aids of basics principles of physics.
b.Theoritical astronomy
oriented toward the development computer or analitical models to descrides astronomical objects and phenomena.
Some contribution of early civilization;
Babylonian-beginning of mathematical and scientific astronomy, they discovered the lunar eclipse recorded in repeating cycleknoun as ''saros''
Greek
Aristarcus-calculated the mass of the earth and meassure the distance of the moonand star,he also the 1st to proposed the hellcentric model of the solar system.
Hipparcus -invented the 1st and earliest known astronomical device such as''astrolabe''
Persian
Azophi-discover the andromeda galaxies and describe in the book of'' fixed of stars''.
Egyptians
Ali Ibn Ridwan-discovered the'' supernova''.
SOLAR SYSTEM INDIVIDUAL
1.inner planets -consist of mercury,venus earth and mars
2.asteriods pelts-composed of asteroids
3.outer planets-consist of giant gas planets, jupiter,uranus and neptune
STELLAR ASTRONOMY-study of star and its formation
EXTA GALACTIC ASTRONOMY-study the of object outside the galaxy
GALMETRIC-study of galaxies
Organization and distribution of galaxy
1.Eliptical Galaxy -cross sectional
2.Spiral Galaxy-flat rotating dish
3.Irregular galaxy-chaotic apperance
study of celestial bodies or objects such as ;star,planet,comets,and galaxies and its phenomena.
greek world''astron-star,''nomos-law''
During the 20th century,astronomy split into 2 major categories;physics and technology.
a.observational astronomy
focused in acquiring data from observation which analized by the aids of basics principles of physics.
b.Theoritical astronomy
oriented toward the development computer or analitical models to descrides astronomical objects and phenomena.
Some contribution of early civilization;
Babylonian-beginning of mathematical and scientific astronomy, they discovered the lunar eclipse recorded in repeating cycleknoun as ''saros''
Greek
Aristarcus-calculated the mass of the earth and meassure the distance of the moonand star,he also the 1st to proposed the hellcentric model of the solar system.
Hipparcus -invented the 1st and earliest known astronomical device such as''astrolabe''
Persian
Azophi-discover the andromeda galaxies and describe in the book of'' fixed of stars''.
Egyptians
Ali Ibn Ridwan-discovered the'' supernova''.
SOLAR SYSTEM INDIVIDUAL
1.inner planets -consist of mercury,venus earth and mars
2.asteriods pelts-composed of asteroids
3.outer planets-consist of giant gas planets, jupiter,uranus and neptune
STELLAR ASTRONOMY-study of star and its formation
EXTA GALACTIC ASTRONOMY-study the of object outside the galaxy
GALMETRIC-study of galaxies
Organization and distribution of galaxy
1.Eliptical Galaxy -cross sectional
2.Spiral Galaxy-flat rotating dish
3.Irregular galaxy-chaotic apperance
STONE AGE TECHNOLOGY
STONE AGE TECHNOLOGY
Earlist Community
Live almost entirely in small nomadic communities
surviving on his skills in hunting and fishing
developed in tropical latitudes in africa
move out into tropical region in the landmass of Eurasia
Niolithic Revolution
increase of population
beginning of the town life
sometime called NIOLITHIC revolution
used ;wood,bone,fur,leaves,grasses
STONE-material that give its name and technologicalunity
FLINT-popular stone for this purpose although finestone
FIRE-most important contribution of prehistoric to power technology
Tools and Weapon
stone headed pear
harpoon
bow and arrow
Other devices invented
pottres wheel
drill and lathe
wheel
Food production
PALEONLITHIC;gathering fishing and hunting
NEOLITHIC;agriculture and animal husbandry
Building tecniques
primary tombs
burial mounts
sun dried bricks
Manufacturing
grinding corn
baking clay
spinning textiles
domestication of animal
Earlist Community
Live almost entirely in small nomadic communities
surviving on his skills in hunting and fishing
developed in tropical latitudes in africa
move out into tropical region in the landmass of Eurasia
Niolithic Revolution
increase of population
beginning of the town life
sometime called NIOLITHIC revolution
used ;wood,bone,fur,leaves,grasses
STONE-material that give its name and technologicalunity
FLINT-popular stone for this purpose although finestone
FIRE-most important contribution of prehistoric to power technology
Tools and Weapon
stone headed pear
harpoon
bow and arrow
Other devices invented
pottres wheel
drill and lathe
wheel
Food production
PALEONLITHIC;gathering fishing and hunting
NEOLITHIC;agriculture and animal husbandry
Building tecniques
primary tombs
burial mounts
sun dried bricks
Manufacturing
grinding corn
baking clay
spinning textiles
domestication of animal
AXIOM and THEOREM
AXIOM and THEOREM
axiom or postulate is a proposition that is not proved or demonstration but considered self evident ....
Theorem is the statement which has be proven.
axiom or postulate is a proposition that is not proved or demonstration but considered self evident ....
Theorem is the statement which has be proven.
Urban Revolution
Urban Revolution
a very important cultural transition began.
general new needs and resourses and accompanied by the significant increase in a technological innovation.
the beginning of the city
Categories in the urban revolution
crtafts men and scientist
copper and bronze
sea transportatin
irrigation
urban manufacturing
wheeled and vehicles
buildin
summerian-1st to build columns with bricks
egyptians-usaed stone to constract pyramids and temples
8.dissimination of technical knowledge
a very important cultural transition began.
general new needs and resourses and accompanied by the significant increase in a technological innovation.
the beginning of the city
Categories in the urban revolution
crtafts men and scientist
copper and bronze
sea transportatin
irrigation
urban manufacturing
wheeled and vehicles
buildin
summerian-1st to build columns with bricks
egyptians-usaed stone to constract pyramids and temples
8.dissimination of technical knowledge
Science in the 19 th century
Science in the 19 th century
appears as a golden age,science expanded succesfully into new fields of inquiry ,including a combination of mathematics and experiment of physics,the application of theory of experiment in chemistry,and controlled experimentation in biology.
Science and technology
There are important break throughs in;
iron and steel technology
electricity
weapons-machine gun ,bottle wagon,dynamite
physics and chemistry
siology,psychology and biology
Dalton
an english schoolmaster of an atoms were the smallest indestructible parts of matter.
Mendeleev
developed the table of elements
26th December 1948 -Radium by pierere and Marie Curie
Sigmund Frued-in psychology.explanation of human behavior
Charles Darwin-developed the theory of evolution.
Labels: 19th century
Science During Rennaissance
Establishment of academies
the academia dei Lincei in rome
the academia Del cimiento in Florence
the Royal Society in London
the academy Des SCiences in paris
Book and Journals
Jounal De savants of paris
ACta Eruditorum of Liepzig
Great Treatises
principia mathematica of sir Isaach Newton
Traite De la lumiere of Huygens
Remarkable Scientist
Johanne Gutenberg -invention of printing press
German Cardinal Nicholas of cusa-exponent of value of expriment
Nicholas Capernicus-developed the heliocentric theiry using scientic method
Leonardo De Vinci -greatest artist of his time
Andres Versalius-modern human technology
The New Status of Greek Science
Simon Stevenious-decimal fraction
Galileo Galilei-telescope
Johann Kepler-move the the planet
Rene Descartes-inventor of graph
Paracelsus-alchamist and physician of rennassance
Francis Bacon improvised the scientific method
Sir Isaach Newton-discovered the gravity
Labels: Science during Rennnaissance
Chinese science
there has been more or less continuous contract between europe and china since classical greek times in spot of the distances between them and thier totally different language.
Silk road-an ancient rout linking china with rome.
Important Presons
Marco Polo-venetian traveler and author ,whose account of his travels and eperiences in china offered europeans a firsthand bview of asian lands and stimulated interest in asian trade.
Zu Chongzhi-5th century mathematicians who calculated the "pi" to sevent digit.
Liu Ju Hsieh-mathematicians descovered the "pascal's triangle"
Tao Chi'en-poet and philosopher who descover the elixir and the scince of medicine.
Four great inventions
magnetic compass
printing press
gun powder
paper making
Other invention
1.astronomy 1st planetarium made by emperor
Stellar explosion that took place in "crab nebula"
2.mathematics
asian abacus
"pi" was calculated in the seventh digit
decimal system
pascal"s triangle
3.military
crossbow
poison gases
bamboo made canons
rockets
4.medicine
elixir of life
acupuncture
autopsy
Labels: chinese science
Indian Science
the indian civilization is about the oldest still alive ,and it achieved a high level of technology at an early stage.
the history of sciece and technology in india begins with prehistoric human activity at Mehrgarh and continous through indus valley civilization (also called the bronze age civalization)to early states and empires
the scince and technology in india has something to do with the folowing field;
a. Agriculture
The irrigation was developed in the indus valey civization by around 4500bc
b.Indian astrology
In indian theres is a long establish widespread belief in astrology and it is commonly used for daily life ;
regards to marriage
regards to career
regards to election process
c.Zinc and metallurgy
Zinc mines of zawar were active during 400bc
d.Mathematics
The used of negative numbers was known in india and their role in situationlike mathematicial problems of dept was understand .
The decimal number system originated in india .
List of indian inventions and descoveries
1.Atomism
Accoding to democritus
the term ''atomos''meaning on cottable or the smallest invisible particle of matter
DHARMAKIRTI AND DIGNAGA-indian philosopher and founder of Vaisheshika school of atomism;
1.piont sized
2.durationless
3.made of energy
CHANDRASEKHAR LIMIT AND CHANDRASEKHAR NUMBER-the novvel price in physics for hs work on stellar structure nd stellar evolution.
Islamic Science
culture is most relevant to european science.
Greek-arabic-latin-herbrew
The most characteristics arabic scientific development were in alchemy.
RHAZES -makes the the earliest known suggestion for furnishing a chemical laboratory
MATH
arabic numerals- an indian system o numerical notation during 9th cenrtury
PERSIAN MOHAMMED IBN MUSA AL_ KWARIZMI-where algorism ,which is a medieval word for arithmetic came from.Healso developed the process of rectification
ASTROLOGY_ASTRONOMY
-constant pre -accupation of the islamic world
TOLEDAN-the tables of proposition of stars which were down up 1080
MEDICINE
RHAZES-made the 1st distinction between measel and smallfox
AVICENNA-prince of phycsicians-vegetable drugs.
appears as a golden age,science expanded succesfully into new fields of inquiry ,including a combination of mathematics and experiment of physics,the application of theory of experiment in chemistry,and controlled experimentation in biology.
Science and technology
There are important break throughs in;
iron and steel technology
electricity
weapons-machine gun ,bottle wagon,dynamite
physics and chemistry
siology,psychology and biology
Dalton
an english schoolmaster of an atoms were the smallest indestructible parts of matter.
Mendeleev
developed the table of elements
26th December 1948 -Radium by pierere and Marie Curie
Sigmund Frued-in psychology.explanation of human behavior
Charles Darwin-developed the theory of evolution.
Labels: 19th century
Science During Rennaissance
Establishment of academies
the academia dei Lincei in rome
the academia Del cimiento in Florence
the Royal Society in London
the academy Des SCiences in paris
Book and Journals
Jounal De savants of paris
ACta Eruditorum of Liepzig
Great Treatises
principia mathematica of sir Isaach Newton
Traite De la lumiere of Huygens
Remarkable Scientist
Johanne Gutenberg -invention of printing press
German Cardinal Nicholas of cusa-exponent of value of expriment
Nicholas Capernicus-developed the heliocentric theiry using scientic method
Leonardo De Vinci -greatest artist of his time
Andres Versalius-modern human technology
The New Status of Greek Science
Simon Stevenious-decimal fraction
Galileo Galilei-telescope
Johann Kepler-move the the planet
Rene Descartes-inventor of graph
Paracelsus-alchamist and physician of rennassance
Francis Bacon improvised the scientific method
Sir Isaach Newton-discovered the gravity
Labels: Science during Rennnaissance
Chinese science
there has been more or less continuous contract between europe and china since classical greek times in spot of the distances between them and thier totally different language.
Silk road-an ancient rout linking china with rome.
Important Presons
Marco Polo-venetian traveler and author ,whose account of his travels and eperiences in china offered europeans a firsthand bview of asian lands and stimulated interest in asian trade.
Zu Chongzhi-5th century mathematicians who calculated the "pi" to sevent digit.
Liu Ju Hsieh-mathematicians descovered the "pascal's triangle"
Tao Chi'en-poet and philosopher who descover the elixir and the scince of medicine.
Four great inventions
magnetic compass
printing press
gun powder
paper making
Other invention
1.astronomy 1st planetarium made by emperor
Stellar explosion that took place in "crab nebula"
2.mathematics
asian abacus
"pi" was calculated in the seventh digit
decimal system
pascal"s triangle
3.military
crossbow
poison gases
bamboo made canons
rockets
4.medicine
elixir of life
acupuncture
autopsy
Labels: chinese science
Indian Science
the indian civilization is about the oldest still alive ,and it achieved a high level of technology at an early stage.
the history of sciece and technology in india begins with prehistoric human activity at Mehrgarh and continous through indus valley civilization (also called the bronze age civalization)to early states and empires
the scince and technology in india has something to do with the folowing field;
a. Agriculture
The irrigation was developed in the indus valey civization by around 4500bc
b.Indian astrology
In indian theres is a long establish widespread belief in astrology and it is commonly used for daily life ;
regards to marriage
regards to career
regards to election process
c.Zinc and metallurgy
Zinc mines of zawar were active during 400bc
d.Mathematics
The used of negative numbers was known in india and their role in situationlike mathematicial problems of dept was understand .
The decimal number system originated in india .
List of indian inventions and descoveries
1.Atomism
Accoding to democritus
the term ''atomos''meaning on cottable or the smallest invisible particle of matter
DHARMAKIRTI AND DIGNAGA-indian philosopher and founder of Vaisheshika school of atomism;
1.piont sized
2.durationless
3.made of energy
CHANDRASEKHAR LIMIT AND CHANDRASEKHAR NUMBER-the novvel price in physics for hs work on stellar structure nd stellar evolution.
Islamic Science
culture is most relevant to european science.
Greek-arabic-latin-herbrew
The most characteristics arabic scientific development were in alchemy.
RHAZES -makes the the earliest known suggestion for furnishing a chemical laboratory
MATH
arabic numerals- an indian system o numerical notation during 9th cenrtury
PERSIAN MOHAMMED IBN MUSA AL_ KWARIZMI-where algorism ,which is a medieval word for arithmetic came from.Healso developed the process of rectification
ASTROLOGY_ASTRONOMY
-constant pre -accupation of the islamic world
TOLEDAN-the tables of proposition of stars which were down up 1080
MEDICINE
RHAZES-made the 1st distinction between measel and smallfox
AVICENNA-prince of phycsicians-vegetable drugs.
Monday, August 16, 2010
i hate damn brown outs ii:(
for pete sake! argf. im almost done in typing my major 1 project. then nagbrown out. weew. how great! i need to re type it all again.. hmp gotta go! i want to go home :(
Philosophical Analysis
A.Major functions of Philosophy
1. construct theories about man and universe.
2. to examine very carefully everything that maybe offered for a belief and its own theories.
B.Analysis
-analysis-breaking down
C. Three Main Ways of Forming Analysis:
1. explication - part by part
2. redefinition - replacing term
3. illustration - takes the opposite point
1. construct theories about man and universe.
2. to examine very carefully everything that maybe offered for a belief and its own theories.
B.Analysis
-analysis-breaking down
C. Three Main Ways of Forming Analysis:
1. explication - part by part
2. redefinition - replacing term
3. illustration - takes the opposite point
Functions of Philosophy
1. to carefully examines and criticized
2. to synthesized findings (combine)
3. to harmonize
2. to synthesized findings (combine)
3. to harmonize
Approach, Science, Nature
SCIENCE & PHILOSOPHY
approach:
Sci: object of study, part by part
Phi: attempt to do it as a whole ( comprehensively)
scope:
Sci: tends to eliminate the personal factor and ignor values in its drive for objectively.
Phi:interested in personality, values and all realm of human experience
nature:
Sci: aim to absorb nature and to control process
Phi: criticize, evaluate and integrate various dimensions of life.
approach:
Sci: object of study, part by part
Phi: attempt to do it as a whole ( comprehensively)
scope:
Sci: tends to eliminate the personal factor and ignor values in its drive for objectively.
Phi:interested in personality, values and all realm of human experience
nature:
Sci: aim to absorb nature and to control process
Phi: criticize, evaluate and integrate various dimensions of life.
Monday, August 9, 2010
Sunday, August 8, 2010
saket sa mata moments :)
haha. sobra saya cu naman today. kchat cu si muchiex ee.. haha relax kang sana am lht.. enjoi a rest of the nyt :)
Tuesday, July 27, 2010
introduction to philosophy
philosophy
-science of theory of knowledge
-a formulated ideas base from science
-it undergoes scientific method
philo means love
sophia means wisdom
Aristotle
-philosophy is a thinking which aims at maximum connected at the truth about
all
available experiences.
Prittle
-is a science of being in their ultimate reasons, causes and principles
acquired by the aid of numerous reasons alone.
Smith Titler
a. it is a personal attitudes towards life and universe.
b. a method of reflective thinking and reasons in inquiry.
c. attempt to gain a view of the whole.
d. is a logical analysis of knowledge and clarification of the meaning of words
and concepts.
e. is a group of problems as well as theories and of this problem
To seek for the truth
Goal of philosophy
-science of theory of knowledge
-a formulated ideas base from science
-it undergoes scientific method
philo means love
sophia means wisdom
Aristotle
-philosophy is a thinking which aims at maximum connected at the truth about
all
available experiences.
Prittle
-is a science of being in their ultimate reasons, causes and principles
acquired by the aid of numerous reasons alone.
Smith Titler
a. it is a personal attitudes towards life and universe.
b. a method of reflective thinking and reasons in inquiry.
c. attempt to gain a view of the whole.
d. is a logical analysis of knowledge and clarification of the meaning of words
and concepts.
e. is a group of problems as well as theories and of this problem
To seek for the truth
Goal of philosophy
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